Document Type
Article
Publication Date
8-27-2021
Abstract
Programmed cell death pathways eliminate infected cells and regulate infection-associated inflammation during pathogen invasion. Cytomegaloviruses encode several distinct suppressors that block intrinsic apoptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, and necroptosis, pathways that impact pathogenesis of this ubiquitous herpesvirus. Here, we expanded the understanding of three cell autonomous suppression mechanisms on which murine cytomegalovirus relies: (i) M38.5-encoded viral mitochon-drial inhibitor of apoptosis (vMIA), a BAX suppressor that functions in concert with M41.1-encoded viral inhibitor of BAK oligomerization (vIBO), (ii) M36-encoded viral inhibitor of caspase-8 activation (vICA), and (iii) M45-encoded viral inhibitor of RIP/RHIM activation (vIRA). Following infection of bone marrow-derived macrophages, the virus initially deflected receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK)3-dependent necroptosis, the most potent of the three cell death pathways. This process remained independent of caspase-8, although suppression of this apoptotic protease en-hances necroptosis in most cell types. Second, the virus deflected TNF-mediated extrinsic apoptosis, a pathway dependent on autocrine TNF production by macrophages that proceeds independently of mitochondrial death machinery or RIPK3. Third, cytomegalovirus deflected BCL-2 family protein-dependent mitochondrial cell death through combined TNF-dependent and-independent signaling even in the absence of RIPK1, RIPK3, and caspase-8. Furthermore, each of these cell death pathways dictated a distinct pattern of cytokine and chemokine activation. Therefore, cytomegalovirus employs sequential, non-redundant suppression strategies to specifically modulate the timing and execution of necroptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, and intrinsic apoptosis within infected cells to orchestrate virus control and infection-dependent inflammation. Virus-encoded death suppressors together hold control over an intricate network that upends host defense and supports pathogenesis in the intact mammalian host.
Recommended Citation
Mandal, Pratyusha; Nagrani, Lynsey; Hernandez, Liliana; McCormick, Anita Louise; Dillon, Christopher; Koehler, Heather; Roback, Linda; Alnemri, Emad S; Green, Douglas; and Mocarski, Edward, "Multiple Autonomous Cell Death Suppression Strategies Ensure Cytomegalovirus Fitness" (2021). Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty Papers. Paper 195.
https://jdc.jefferson.edu/bmpfp/195
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
PubMed ID
34578288
Language
English
Comments
This article is the author’s final published version in Viruses, Volume 13, Issue 9, September 2021, Article number 1707.
The published version is available at https://doi.org/10.3390/v13091707. Copyright © Mandal et al.