Document Type

Article

Publication Date

2-9-2026

Comments

This article is the author’s final published version in Polymers, Volume 18, Issue 4, 2026, Article number 435.

The published version is available at https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18040435. Copyright © 2026 by the authors.

Abstract

Buprenorphine (BUP) is widely used in the treatment of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). However, the most compounded formulation contains 30% ethanol, despite regulatory and clinical concerns regarding ethanol exposure in pediatric patients. Thus, this research aimed to develop an ethanol-free sublingual (SL) gel formulation of BUP that would be safe, stable, and suitable for NOWS. Multiple polymers were screened as gelling agents, with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) emerging as the ideal base polymer for the formulation due to its optimal pH, rheological characteristics, and stability. The formulated gels were stored at room temperature and refrigerated conditions for 30 days and evaluated for stability using pH, rheology, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. BUP content was between 90-110% of the labeled amount of the dosage form (75 µg/mL) at all time-points, and the pH remained close to physiological values. Release studies demonstrated a drug release of 23-24% for SL gels without surfactants stored at room temperature and refrigerated conditions, respectively. Incorporation of non-ionic surfactants (Tween 20 and Tween 80) significantly increased drug release to 33% and 40%, respectively, reflecting enhanced solubilization and improved mucosal penetration. The ethanol-free formulation demonstrated physicochemical stability and favorable release characteristics suitable for neonatal administration. These findings represent a meaningful advance in the development of safer pediatric formulations for NOWS.

Creative Commons License

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

PubMed ID

41754625

Language

English

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