Megan M Herting, Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Kristina A Uban, Public Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
Marybel Robledo Gonzalez, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Research on Children, Youth, and Families, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Fiona C Baker, Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States
Eric C Kan, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Research on Children, Youth, and Families, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Wesley K Thompson, Division of Biostatistics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
Douglas A Granger, Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, CA, United States
Matthew D Albaugh, Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Andrey P Anokhin, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
Kara S Bagot, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
Marie T Banich, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
Deanna M Barch, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
Arielle Baskin-Sommers, Department of Psychology, University of Yale, New Haven, CT, United States
Florence J Breslin, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
B J Casey, Department of Psychology, University of Yale, New Haven, CT, United States
Bader Chaarani, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
Linda Chang, Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
Duncan B Clark, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
Christine C Cloak, Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
R Todd Constable, Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of Yale, New Haven, CT, United States
Linda B Cottler, Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
Rada K Dagher, Division of Scientific Programs, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, United States
Mirella Dapretto, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Anthony S Dick, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
Nico Dosenbach, Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
Gayathri J Dowling, Division of Extramural Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, United States
Julie A Dumas, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
Sarah Edwards, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
Thomas Ernst, Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
Damien A Fair, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
Sarah W Feldstein-Ewing, Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
Edward G Freedman, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
Bernard F Fuemmeler, Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmon, VA, United States
Hugh Garavan, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
Dylan G Gee, Department of Psychology, University of Yale, New Haven, CT, United States
Jay N Giedd, Department of Psychiatry, University of San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
Paul E A Glaser, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
Aimee Goldstone, Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States
Kevin M Gray, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
Samuel W Hawes, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
Andrew C Heath, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
Mary M Heitzeg, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
John K Hewitt, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
Charles J Heyser, Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
Elizabeth A Hoffman, Division of Extramural Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, United States
Rebekah S Huber, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
Marilyn A. Huestis, Medical Cannabis & Science Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United StatesFollow
Luke W Hyde, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
M Alejandra Infante, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
Masha Y Ivanova, Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Joanna Jacobus, Department of Psychiatry, University of San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
Terry L Jernigan, Department of Cognitive Science, University of San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
Nicole R Karcher, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
Angela R Laird, Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
Kimberly H LeBlanc, Division of Extramural Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, United States
Krista Lisdahl, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
Monica Luciana, Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
Beatriz Luna, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
Hermine H Maes, Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VT, United States
Andrew T Marshall, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Michael J Mason, Center for Behavioral Health Research, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
Erin C McGlade, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
Amanda S Morris, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States; Human Development and Family Science, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, United States
Bonnie J Nagel, Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
Gretchen N Neigh, Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VT, United States
Clare E Palmer, Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
Martin P Paulus, Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States
Alexandra S Potter, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
Leon I Puttler, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
Nishadi Rajapakse, Division of Scientific Programs, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, United States
Kristina Rapuano, Department of Psychology, University of Yale, New Haven, CT, United States
Gloria Reeves, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
Perry F Renshaw, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
Claudiu Schirda, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
Kenneth J Sher, Department of Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
Chandni Sheth, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
Paul D Shilling, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
Lindsay M Squeglia, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
Matthew T Sutherland, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
Susan F Tapert, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Rachel L Tomko, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
Deborah Yurgelun-Todd, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
Natasha E Wade, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
Susan R B Weiss, Division of Extramural Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, United States
Robert A Zucker, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
Elizabeth R Sowell, Research on Children, Youth, and Families, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

2-18-2021

Comments

This article, first published in Frontiers in Endocrinology, is the author's final published version in Frontiers in Endocrinology, Volume 11, February 2021, Article number 549928.

The published version is available at https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.549928.

Copyright © 2021 Herting, Uban, Gonzalez, Baker, Kan, Thompson, Granger, Albaugh, Anokhin, Bagot, Banich, Barch, Baskin-Sommers, Breslin, Casey, Chaarani, Chang, Clark, Cloak, Constable, Cottler, Dagher, Dapretto, Dick, Dosenbach, Dowling, Dumas, Edwards, Ernst, Fair, Feldstein-Ewing, Freedman, Fuemmeler, Garavan, Gee, Giedd, Glaser, Goldstone, Gray, Hawes, Heath, Heitzeg, Hewitt, Heyser, Hoffman, Huber, Huestis, Hyde, Infante, Ivanova, Jacobus, Jernigan, Karcher, Laird, LeBlanc, Lisdahl, Luciana, Luna, Maes, Marshall, Mason, McGlade, Morris, Nagel, Neigh, Palmer, Paulus, Potter, Puttler, Rajapakse, Rapuano, Reeves, Renshaw, Schirda, Sher, Sheth, Shilling, Squeglia, Sutherland, Tapert, Tomko, Yurgelun-Todd, Wade, Weiss, Zucker and Sowell.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

Abstract

Aim: To examine individual variability between perceived physical features and hormones of pubertal maturation in 9-10-year-old children as a function of sociodemographic characteristics.

Methods: Cross-sectional metrics of puberty were utilized from the baseline assessment of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study—a multi-site sample of 9–10 year-olds (n = 11,875)—and included perceived physical features via the pubertal development scale (PDS) and child salivary hormone levels (dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone in all, and estradiol in females). Multi-level models examined the relationships among sociodemographic measures, physical features, and hormone levels. A group factor analysis (GFA) was implemented to extract latent variables of pubertal maturation that integrated both measures of perceived physical features and hormone levels.

Results: PDS summary scores indicated more males (70%) than females (31%) were prepubertal. Perceived physical features and hormone levels were significantly associated with child's weight status and income, such that more mature scores were observed among children that were overweight/obese or from households with low-income. Results from the GFA identified two latent factors that described individual differences in pubertal maturation among both females and males, with factor 1 driven by higher hormone levels, and factor 2 driven by perceived physical maturation. The correspondence between latent factor 1 scores (hormones) and latent factor 2 scores (perceived physical maturation) revealed synchronous and asynchronous relationships between hormones and concomitant physical features in this large young adolescent sample.

Conclusions: Sociodemographic measures were associated with both objective hormone and self-report physical measures of pubertal maturation in a large, diverse sample of 9-10 year-olds. The latent variables of pubertal maturation described a complex interplay between perceived physical changes and hormone levels that hallmark sexual maturation, which future studies can examine in relation to trajectories of brain maturation, risk/resilience to substance use, and other mental health outcomes.

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Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Additional Files
ABCD Supplement.docx (728 kB)

Language

English

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