Document Type

Article

Publication Date

10-25-2025

Comments

This article is the author’s final published version in Advances in Ophthalmology Practice and Research, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2065, Pages 20-25.

The published version is available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aopr.2025.10.003. Copyright © 2025 The Authors.

 

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a sight-threatening retinal disease with pathological mediation by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Intravitreal anti-VEGF injections are commonly used to manage DR. Ultra-wide-field fluorescein angiography (UWF-FA) can assess DR severity and characterize the amount of non-perfused retina (non-perfusion area, NP), neovascularization (neovascular area, NV), and foveal avascular zone (FAZ). However, the association between anti-VEGF treatment and NP, NV, and FAZ characterized by UWF-FA is not well established.

METHODS: A retrospective, single-center cohort study involved eyes of patients with Type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus with at least one UWF-FA image. The area of the FAZ, NP area, and NV area of UWF-FA images was calculated. Stepwise multivariate logistic regression was used to identify patient and eye-level factors that were significant predictors of FAZ, NP, and NV. Causal model analyses estimated intravitreal treatment effects on FAZ, NP, and NV over time.

RESULTS: The study included 705 eyes from patients with a mean (SD) age of 59.2 (13.2) years, and 56.3% were male. Eyes were treated with a mean (SD) of 5.6 (7.7) anti-VEGF and 0.63 (1.94) intravitreal steroid injections. Each incremental increase in Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) severity of DR on initial presentation by clinical exam was associated with a 12.86 mm2 increase in total NP and a 0.73 mm2 increase in NV area. Anti-VEGF and steroid treatment had no significant impact on FAZ area. The presence of intravitreal steroid treatment was associated with an estimated decrease of  0.909 mm2 in total NV area (P = 0.009). Each additional anti-VEGF injection decreased NV area by  0.239 mm2 (P = 0.031). Any steroid use also led to an estimated  10.79 mm2 decrease in NP (P = 0.041). Each additional anti-VEGF injection was predictive of a  2.54 mm2 decrease in NP (P = 0.019). Each additional steroid injection was predictive of a  13.68 mm2 decrease in NP (P = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreal treatment was significantly associated with reduced NV and NP on UWF-FA. Intravitreal treatments were not predictive of FAZ changes. These findings suggest total retinal NV and NP areas may provide utility as UWF-FA biomarkers for assessing intravitreal treatment response.

Creative Commons License

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

PubMed ID

41536903

Language

English

Download

Share

COinS